Copyright © 2005 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Tu et al. Respond to "Barker Meets Simpson"
1 Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
2 Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
3 St. Georges Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
Received for publication September 22, 2004; accepted for publication September 28, 2004.
| The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below. |
Weinberg (1) highlights the challenges and pitfalls faced when statistically analyzing data from observational (nonrandomized) studies to explore causal hypotheses. She reminds us that statistically significant associations between variables in such studies can be ambiguous. Extreme caution is required when statistical modeling of data from observational studies is used to infer causality from statistical associations between exposure and outcome variables. When knowledge
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