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American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 152, No. 1 : 20-31
Copyright © 2000 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Exploratory Analysis of Alternative Exposure Metrics

Anssi Auvinen1,2, Martha S. Linet1, Elizabeth E. Hatch1, Ruth A. Kleinerman1, Leslie L. Robison3, William T. Kaune4, Martin Misakian5, Shelley Niwa6, Sholom Wacholder1 and Robert E. Tarone1

1 National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD.
2 Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland.
3 Children's Cancer Group, Arcadia, CA.
4 EM Factors, Richland, WA.
5 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
6 Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD.

Data collected by the National Cancer Institute-Children's Cancer Group were utilized to explore various metrics of magnetic field levels and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. Cases were aged 0–14 years, were diagnosed with ALL during 1989–1993, were registered with the Children's Cancer Group, and resided in one home for at least 70 percent of the 5 years immediately prior to diagnosis. Controls were identified by using random digit dialing and met the same residential requirements. With 30-second ("spot") measurements and components of the 24-hour measurement obtained in the subject's bedroom, metrics evaluated included measures of central tendency, peak exposures, threshold values, and measures of short-term temporal variability. Measures of central tendency and the threshold measures showed good-to-high correlation, but these metrics correlated less well with the others. Small increases in risk (ranging from 1.02 to 1.69 for subjects in the highest exposure category) were associated with some measures of central tendency, but peak exposures, threshold values, measures of short-term variability, and spot measurements demonstrated little association with risk of childhood ALL. In general, risk estimates were slightly higher for the nighttime (10 p.m.-6 a.m.) interval than for the corresponding 24-hour period.

case-control studies; child; electromagnetic fields; environmental exposure; leukemia, lymphocytic, acute

Abbreviations: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CI, confidence interval; NCI/CCG, National Cancer Institute-Children's Cancer Group; OR, odds ratio.


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