Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:9-13.
Copyright © 2003 by Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Invited Commentary: Advancing Theory and Methods for Multilevel Models of Residential Neighborhoods and Health
1 Department of Population and Family Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
2 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
Received for publication July 29, 2002; accepted for publication October 11, 2002.
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INTRODUCTION |
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In less than 10 years, the field of epidemiology has been transformed. During this time, multilevel modeling has gone from a little-known and perhaps even unwelcome method of analysis to a household name. Multilevel models appeared much earlier in the fields of demography, sociology of education, and criminology (refer, for example, to Raudenbush et al. (1), Mason et al. (2), and Nuttal et al. (3)), but public health and epidemiology have lagged behind in conceptualizing and measuring how contexts affect individual-level health risks and outcomes. The growth in the publication of multilevel studies has paralleled and contributed greatly to the reemergence of social epidemiologic research (4–11). Multilevel models assessing the effects of neighborhood residential environments on health outcomes have been the most common type of contextual study to date. Research has examined associations between neighborhood characteristics, frequently socioeconomic position, and
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NEED FOR BETTER THEORY ON NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS |
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NEED FOR METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS |
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